The Gospel of Matthew as an Exhortation for the Gentile Mission

This research aims to resolve the vexing question about the contradiction between the exclusive Jewish mission command in Matt 10:5b-6 and the Great Commission in Matt 28:19-20. In 10:6b-6, the Matthean Jesus prohibits his disciples from approaching the Gentiles, whereas in 29:19-20 the risen Christ supersedes this earlier restriction by commanding them to carry out the Gentile mission. This inconsistency appears contradictory to many modern readers. The present article approaches this question suggesting that the two conflicting mission commands in fact reflect a division of Jewish Christian members in the first-century Matthean community on the issue of the Gentile mission. While conservative Jewish members in the community opposed to the Gentile mission(10:5-6), others took the initiative to evangelize the Gentiles(28:19-20). Even though Matthews theological conviction was the universal mission aiming to both Jews and the Gentiles, he did not recklessly discard the traditional exclusivism. While acknowledging both the old and the new stances, Matthew gradually puts more emphasis on the necessity of the Gentile mission as the Gospel proceeds to the end. First, Matthew 12:18-21 shows the conservatives who respect divine authority of the Old Testament that the Gentile mission is the fulfillment of the Isaiahs prophecy(Isa 42:1-4). Second, Jesus, being depicted as the one persuaded by the faith of the Canaanite woman, is set as a model who changes the exclusive attitude about the Gentile mission(15:21-28). Third, the completion of the world-wide mission is presented as having the eschatological significance that brings about the eschaton(24:14), which is the most urgent and pressing duty to Matthews community under persecution. These evidences suggest that the Gospel of Matthew, with respect to the mission perspective, is an edifying rhetoric to persuade its conservative Jewish members to overcome their ethnic prejudice and to join the Gentile mission

Thermal Comfort Assessment of the Perimeter Zones by Using CFD Simulation

Most perimeter zones are thermally susceptible to the variation of outdoor conditions, especially due to a large amount of heat gain through glazing. To reduce heat gain, spandrel panels are generally installed in curtain walls of commercial buildings. For the present study, thermal performance in an office located in the perimeter zone was investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. By varying the spandrel panel heights, thermal comfort was assessed quantitatively. The findings suggest that when the spandrel panel height was 0 m, the highest temperature was observed in all cases. As the height of the spandrel panel was increased, the temperature decreased. For thermal comfort evaluation, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) values at 1.5 m from the floor in all cases were larger than zero. PMV values in all cases were within the range of slightly cool to warm. When the spandrel panel height was 0 m, the highest thermal sensation (warm) among the cases was observed, which may cause thermal dissatisfaction for occupants. In addition, thermal comfort was deemed satisfactory based on the criteria of ASHRAE standard 55, when the height of the spandrel panel was higher than 0.6 m

Thermal Comfort Assessment of the Perimeter Zones by Using CFD Simulation

Most perimeter zones are thermally susceptible to the variation of outdoor conditions, especially due to a large amount of heat gain through glazing. To reduce heat gain, spandrel panels are generally installed in curtain walls of commercial buildings. For the present study, thermal performance in an office located in the perimeter zone was investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. By varying the spandrel panel heights, thermal comfort was assessed quantitatively. The findings suggest that when the spandrel panel height was 0 m, the highest temperature was observed in all cases. As the height of the spandrel panel was increased, the temperature decreased. For thermal comfort evaluation, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) values at 1.5 m from the floor in all cases were larger than zero. PMV values in all cases were within the range of slightly cool to warm. When the spandrel panel height was 0 m, the highest thermal sensation (warm) among the cases was observed, which may cause thermal dissatisfaction for occupants. In addition, thermal comfort was deemed satisfactory based on the criteria of ASHRAE standard 55, when the height of the spandrel panel was higher than 0.6 m

A Comparative Study of Energy Performance of Fumed Silica Vacuum Insulation Panels in an Apartment Building

Building insulation materials has a significant impact on building energy consumptions. However, conventional materials are easily flammable and can cause fire disasters in buildings. Therefore, it is important to select appropriate insulation materials for building energy efficiency and safety and Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIPs) are increasingly applied to building insulation. Considering this, the present study investigates energy performance of VIPs with design alternatives, such as window systems, infiltration rates, etc., by using energy simulation. Among various VIPs, fumes silica VIPs were chosen. In addition, eight combinations were compared to find the best energy efficient design conditions. The results of the present study showed that building energy performance can be improved with an appropriate combination of design options including fumed silica VIPs

Thermal and Energy Performance Assessment of the Prefab Electric Ondol System for Floor Heating in a Residential Building

In South Korea, radiant floor heating has been used from old housing to the recently constructed residential buildings, which is called “Ondol”. The Ondol system is generally a water-based system and it uses hot water as a heat medium provided by boilers fueled by natural gas. With great effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, electric Ondol panels have been increasingly applied to the recent residential buildings for floor heating. While the prefab electric Ondol panels were developed with the demand for dry construction method, the information about the prefab electric Ondol system is not sufficient. For the present study, the thermal performance of the prefab electric Ondol panels was investigated through field measurement. In addition, the heating energy and economic performance of the electric panel were compared with the conventional Ondol system. As a result, a significant surface temperature difference was observed. Moreover, the heating cost for the prefab electric Ondol system was more expensive than the conventional system, even though a heat loss was observed by the operation of the conventional system

Evaluation of Daylight and Cooling Performance of Shading Devices in Residential Buildings in South Korea

Accounting for more than half of buildings in South Korea, the energy consumed by residential buildings has become a main concern and the cooing demand has rapidly increased. To reduce energy consumption, several passive and active design strategies have generally been applied. However, there has been an increasing demand for high window-to-wall ratios in residential buildings, it is imperative to block sunlight into a building effectively. Focusing on the reduction of cooling energy consumption in a residential building, the present study assessed the daylight and energy performance of shading devices. Among various types of shading devices, the Venetian blind, horizontal louver, light shelf, and egg-crate were selected. The illuminance levels in three different areas in a building were measured. In addition, the annual cooling energy consumption by these shading devices was investigated. As a result, both daylight and energy performance varied with different design options of these shading devices. Because of the slight performance difference among shading devices, the artificial loads of two best shading devices were compared. In sum, the egg-crate shading was the most proper shading device to block sunlight as well as reduce the cooling energy consumption effectively

Analysis of the Thermal and Cooling Energy Performance of the Perimeter Zones in an Office Building

Indoor thermal conditions can be highly influenced through building envelopes by outdoor conditions, especially climatic parameters. While a lot of attention has been paid to the thermal performance in core zones in buildings, other zones, such as perimeters, experience significant heat loss and gain through building envelopes. Focusing on the energy and thermal performance in perimeter zones, the present study performed an energy simulation to find the most susceptible building orientation in an office building in South Korea regarding the cooling loads during the summer. Through field measurements, the solar radiation impact on the thermal performance in the perimeter zones was practically investigated. To reduce the cooling loads in the perimeter zones, an air barrier system was utilized. As a result, the biggest amount of heat was observed in the perimeter zones facing the west façade in the winter, according to the measurements. While the highest temperature was observed at the internal surface of the windows, the temperature in the perimeter and core zones was stably maintained. The heat that occurred through the west façade was reduced by the air barrier system by removing the vertical thermal stratification using the fan-powered unit in the system

Hindered C–N bond rotation in triazinyl dithiocarbamates

The substituent and solvent effects on the rotation around a C–N amide bond were studied for a series of triazine dibenzylcarbamodithioates. The Gibbs free energies (ΔG‡) were measured to be 16–18 kcal/mol in DMSO-d6 and toluene-d8 using variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (VT-1H NMR) spectroscopy. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reproduced the experimental observations with various substituents, as well as solvents. From the detailed analysis of the DFT results, we found that the electron donating dibenzyl amine group increased the electron population on the triazinyl ring, which decreased the rotational barrier of the C–N bond in the dithiocarbamate group attached to the triazinyl ring. The higher electron population on the triazine moiety stabilizes the partial double bond character of the S–C bond, which competitively excludes the double bond character of the C–N bond. Therefore, the rotational dynamics of the C–N bond in dithiocarbamates can be a sensitive probe to small differences in the electron population of substituents on sulfur. © 2017 Elsevier B.V

General-Purpose Ultrasound Neuromodulation System for Chronic, Closed-Loop Preclinical Studies in Freely Behaving Rodents

Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS) is an effective noninvasive treatment modality for brain disorders with high clinical potential. However, the therapeutic effects of ultrasound neuromodulation are not widely explored due to limitations in preclinical systems. The current preclinical studies are head-fixed, anesthesia-dependent, and acute, limiting clinical translatability. Here, this work reports a general-purpose ultrasound neuromodulation system for chronic, closed-loop preclinical studies in freely behaving rodents. This work uses microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology to design and fabricate a small and lightweight transducer capable of artifact-free stimulation and simultaneous neural recording. Using the general-purpose system, it can be observed that state-dependent ultrasound neuromodulation of the prefrontal cortex increases rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and protects spatial working memory to REM sleep deprivation. The system will allow explorative studies in brain disease therapeutics and neuromodulation using ultrasound stimulation for widespread clinical adoption.11Nsciescopu